"I was recently reading one of my graphic guides on political philosophy and come upon the concept of Utilitarianism. And having the refresher (along with the reminder (I realized that one of the reasons it had the problems it did was that it stayed within the Capitalist perimeters of thinking in terms of “more”. And it would make perfect sense for people in Bentham and Mill’s (as well as Marx’s (time, given the advancements being made in technology (via Capitalism (to think in terms of sharing the fruits of it. Hence the Utilitarian motto: the greatest happiness for the greatest number. And given the rather bourgeoisie nature of it (the emphasis on more (and despite the noble desire to share the wealth (we can see how this attempt at justice was doomed from the start, as was expressed in one of the main arguments against it: that the presence of slavery at the time suggested that the greatest happiness for the greatest number did not assure a just society.
I realized then that perhaps the better route would have been to look away from the heights and towards the bottom and recognize that the true and more comprehensive path to a just society is the minimization of misery and suffering: by which I mean the complete elimination of unnecessary misery and suffering. This seems to me low hanging fruit in that it does not subscribe to the unnecessary egalitarianism of allowing everyone to “share the wealth”. I’m not sure anyone really wants that anyway: except, perhaps, for the petty and arrogant. It’s not a matter of stripping the rich of all their assets and distributing BMWs in the ghettos. It’s merely a matter of knowing that no matter what low position an individual finds themselves in, they have enough to keep themselves going until they can pull themselves up again: that is outside of things that can’t be avoided like terminal illness. And all this involves is the wealthy being wealthy as long as they don’t create unnecessary suffering and misery for others.
But as we know, Capitalism, in its ongoing effort to maintain the notion that the market is the solution to everything, has failed miserably in this matter. This is because it has managed to maintain the utilitarian notion of the greatest happiness for the greatest number by continuing the Calvinistic alibi that poverty is not a result of IT, but rather some kind of moral failure on the part of the individual. Note, for instance, one of the catalysts of reality TV as we know it today, C.O.P.S., which gives us the privilege of patting ourselves on the back while watching white trash and minorities get theirs: in other words, a whipping post for those that fail to fulfill their role as producer/consumers. And let us note here how the show fulfills the criteria of the utilitarian by giving the greatest happiness to the greatest number.
That said, this particular postcard was inspired by a couple of articles in the recent issue of The Harvard Review of Philosophy (dry stuff, but giving me something to use all the same: Samuel Scheffler’s The Idea of Global Justice: a Progress Report which goes into Rawls and Thom Brooks A New Problem with the Capabilities Approach which goes into Martha Nussbaum’s Capability concept. Unfortunately, my window ran out. Look at this like a painter laying down an abstract and general ground from which they can draw out the details.
A real cliffhanger, huh?
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As Deleuze and Guattari point out in What is Philosophy: philosophy abhors debate. Walks away from it if it can. As they point out: it has better things to do.
This is because philosophy is more like poetry than popular doxa gives it credit for. It is a personal vision (a process (that doesn’t care if it is wrong or right (except to itself ( and can’t afford the distraction of listening to its critics.
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Previously on D’s postcards:
“Hence the Utilitarian motto: the greatest happiness for the greatest number. “
“I realized then that perhaps the better route would have been to look away from the heights and towards the bottom and recognize that the true and more comprehensive path to a just society is the minimization of misery and suffering: by which I mean the complete elimination of unnecessary misery and suffering. And given the rather bourgeoisie nature of it (the emphasis on more (and despite the noble desire to share the wealth (we can see how this attempt at justice was doomed from the start, as was expressed in one of the main arguments against it: that the presence of slavery at the time suggested that the greatest happiness for the greatest number did not assure a just society. “
“That said, this particular postcard was inspired by a couple of articles in the recent issue of The Harvard Review of Philosophy (dry stuff, but giving me something to use all the same: Samuel Scheffler’s The Idea of Global Justice: a Progress Report which goes into Rawls and Thom Brooks A New Problem with the Capabilities Approach which goes into Martha Nussbaum’s Capability concept. “
First of all, this is my first encounter with this particular issue of the Harvard Review, so it would be immodest (if not downright arrogant and deceptive (of me to claim that I’m working from any position of expertise as concerns the articles I’m quoting. At the same time, I can take some pleasure (bragging rights (in finding some common ground and validation from them as concerns my bottom-up variation of the utilitarian approach. I would start with a point made in Sheffler’s article concerning Rawls:
“The theory he develops comprises two principles, the first of which assigns basic equal rights and liberties to all citizens, and the second of which governs the distribution of economic goods within the society. The second principle holds, roughly, the economic inequalities are permissible only insofar as they serve to maximize the position of the worst-off social group.”
Now this one, contrary to my above admission to my awkward relation to the articles, feels a little more comfortable to me in that Sheffler’s interpretation of Rawl’s is explicitly implied in Rawl’s Original Position thought experiment (that which I was familiarized with in my Philosophy 101 days: the idea of imagining oneself before one’s birth deciding which kind of society they would choose to be born into –that is putting in mind that one could be born crippled or with some other kind of physiological disadvantage or in an impoverished environment or of a disadvantaged race. The idea, of course, goes to my bottom-up approach to utilitarianism in that Rawls assumes that the society chosen by the individual will necessarily look out for the situation of those born into the worst possible situation.
And it is that assumption that makes Rawl’s experiment a mixed package for me in that it assumes too much. For instance, a libertarian will argue that they would prefer to be born into a world in which they will be able to enjoy the fruits of their labor -that is out of some sentimental nostalgia for the good-old days of Adam Smith’s Capitalism where everyone engages in their talent and the free exchange of their labor (which, BTW, no longer exists and is every bit as saccharine and sappy as the Christian longing for the days of the Walton’s. Goodnight John-boy. And when it came to their being born into a disadvantaged situation, they would either resort to their fantasies about their personal will to power or write off their demise as the right and just the result of natural selection which they look to as a higher principle. (I mean it: these people are that ignorant while considering themselves to be above the common fray. As Scheffler also points out in his article: beware the cutting edge.) But while it does not serve Rawl’s intended effect, it does (for those who are honest enough to follow it through (face us with the absurdity of our position in life:
I might ask myself why I am the creatively and intellectually curious and, yet, compassionate person I am who despises intellectual arrogance; to which I will answer that my father gave me the intellectual and creative curiosity (and the distaste for intellectual arrogance (while my mother gave me the compassion as well as my distaste for my father’s intellectual arrogance. But then I have to ask, since none of us exist in a vacuum and have to be the result of some influence in our life, why my mother and father became who they were. And we can continue this line of questioning into infinite regress: the chain of cause and effect that converges and trails into nothingness and leaves no solid foundation for who we are.
That said, in the next postcard (the next episode (I want to fumble (w/ a capitol F (with Brook’s article and Nussbaum’s Capability concept which also goes towards my bottom/up utilitarianism.
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Previously on Postcards:
“That said, this particular postcard was inspired by a couple of articles in the recent issue of The Harvard Review of Philosophy (dry stuff, but giving me something to use all the same: Samuel Scheffler’s The Idea of Global Justice: a Progress Report which goes into Rawls and Thom Brooks A New Problem with the Capabilities Approach which goes into Martha Nussbaum’s Capability concept.”
“The theory he [Rawls] develops comprises two principles, the first of which assigns basic equal rights and liberties to all citizens, and the second of which governs the distribution of economic goods within the society. The second principle holds, roughly, the economic inequalities are permissible only insofar as they serve to maximize the position of the worst-off social group.”
“First of all, this is my first encounter with this particular issue of the Harvard Review, so it would be immodest (if not downright arrogant and deceptive (of me to claim that I’m working from any position of expertise as concerns the articles I’m quoting.”
“Hence the Utilitarian motto: the greatest happiness for the greatest number. “
“I realized then that perhaps the better route would have been to look away from the heights and towards the bottom and recognize that the true and more comprehensive path to a just society is the minimization of misery and suffering: by which I mean the complete elimination of unnecessary misery and suffering.”
“That said, in the next postcard (the next episode (I want to fumble (w/ a capitol F (with Brook’s article and Nussbaum’s Capability concept which also goes towards my bottom/up utilitarianism.”
Unlike my points with Rawls, I find myself having to fumble (given that this is the first time I have encountered it (with Nussbaum’s Capability concept in that the following will be based purely on my initial instincts. As I understand it, Capability is primarily about the potential for an individual to find satisfaction in 10 possible categories: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses, imagination, thought, emotions, affiliation, other species, play, and control over one’s political and material environment. And it is important to note here that the diametrical opposite of Capabilities is Functionings.
For instance: the building and stocking (w/ content: books (of libraries would fulfill the Capability criteria by assuring that everyone can have access to books and other learning materials (which would cover the categories of imagination and thought (through public funding. And were we to accept the Capability criteria, such a policy would be immune to the Functionings criteria of the bean-counting conservative who would argue there is no point in building libraries and stocking them with taxpayer money since no one would use them anyway. Put in mind here that the main point of Capability theory is freedom of choice. So the argument that no one would use the library fails (which is based on an unlikely prediction, anyway (since all that really matters is that the individual has the option available to them in order to fulfill the relevant categories of capability.
And I would offer as another, more personal example, the expansion of public transport which would make automobiles what they should be: a luxurious option as compared to the necessity they have become in many cities in America. And once again, the argument against this by the Functionings criteria of the bean counting conservatives who think the market is the only answer we need is (and I have heard it made: why build it if no one will use it? But once again, the only function (the only result (of import to Capability Theory is that it offers the option: the potential of fulfilling the relevant category.
Anyway, stay tuned for scenes from the next episode in which I make the connection (in a complimentary way (between Capability Theory and my own invention: Efficiency: that which is maximized by minimizing the differential between the energy and resources we put into an act and the energy and resources we get out of it.
*
Previously on Postcards:
“That said, this particular postcard was inspired by a couple of articles in the recent issue of The Harvard Review of Philosophy (dry stuff, but giving me something to use all the same: Samuel Scheffler’s The Idea of Global Justice: a Progress Report which goes into Rawls and Thom Brooks A New Problem with the Capabilities Approach which goes into Martha Nussbaum’s Capability concept.”
“The theory he [Rawls] develops comprises two principles, the first of which assigns basic equal rights and liberties to all citizens, and the second of which governs the distribution of economic goods within the society. The second principle holds, roughly, the economic inequalities are permissible only insofar as they serve to maximize the position of the worst-off social group.”
“First of all, this is my first encounter with this particular issue of the Harvard Review, so it would be immodest (if not downright arrogant and deceptive (of me to claim that I’m working from any position of expertise as concerns the articles I’m quoting.”
“Hence the Utilitarian motto: the greatest happiness for the greatest number. “
“I realized then that perhaps the better route would have been to look away from the heights and towards the bottom and recognize that the true and more comprehensive path to a just society is the minimization of misery and suffering: by which I mean the complete elimination of unnecessary misery and suffering.”
“That said, in the next postcard (the next episode (I want to fumble (w/ a capitol F (with Brook’s article and Nussbaum’s Capability concept which also goes towards my bottom/up utilitarianism.”
Unlike my points with Rawls, I find myself having to fumble (given that this is the first time I have encountered it (with Nussbaum’s Capability concept in that the following will be based purely on my initial instincts. As I understand it, Capability is primarily about the potential for an individual to find satisfaction in 10 possible categories: life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses, imagination, thought, emotions, affiliation, other species, play, and control over one’s political and material environment. And it is important to note here that the diametrical opposite of Capabilities is Functionings.
For instance: the building and stocking (w/ content: books (of libraries would fulfill the Capability criteria by assuring that everyone can have access to books and other learning materials (which would cover the categories of imagination and thought (through public funding. And were we to accept the Capability criteria, such a policy would be immune to the Functionings criteria of the bean-counting conservative who would argue there is no point in building libraries and stocking them with taxpayer money since no one would use them anyway. Put in mind here that the main point of Capability theory is freedom of choice. So the argument that no one would use the library fails (which is based on an unlikely prediction, anyway (since all that really matters is that the individual has the option available to them in order to fulfill the relevant categories of capability.
And I would offer as another, more personal example, the expansion of public transport which would make automobiles what they should be: a luxurious option as compared to the necessity they have become in many cities in America. And once again, the argument against this by the Functionings criteria of the bean counting conservatives who think the market is the only answer we need is (and I have heard it made: why build it if no one will use it? But once again, the only function (the only result (of import to Capability Theory is that it offers the option: the potential of fulfilling the relevant category.
Anyway, stay tuned for scenes from the next episode in which I make the connection (in a complimentary way (between Capability Theory and my own invention: Efficiency: that which is maximized by minimizing the differential between the energy and resources we put into an act and the energy and resources we get out of it."