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Old_Gobbo wrote:No, it's psychic phenomena.
In November 1994, both Jaytee's reactions and Smart's movements were monitored by two cameramen in conjunction with a team from the Science Unit of Austrian Television (ORF) headed by Dr. Heinz Lager. The video footage showed that Jaytee reacted 11 seconds after Smart was told to go home at a randomly selected time previously unknown to her. The television coverage of the experiment received considerable attention from the media. Dr. Richard Wiseman, a professor of psychology at the University of Hetfordshire and respected researcher of parapsychological claims, was asked by various newspapers and television programs for his comments on Jaytee's anticipatory behavior. In early 1995, Sheldrake invited Wiseman to test Jaytee's abilities for himself. Wiseman, Sheldrake and Smart discussed how to construct an experimental procedure that would safeguard against the following possible normal explanations:
Responding to routine – the owner would leave home at a randomly selected time
Sensory cueing from owner – the owner would return from a location which is sufficiently far away to eliminate such cues
Sensory cueing from people remaining with the pet – no one who remains with the pet would know when the owner will return
Selective memory – the experimenter would make a complete and accurate recording of the pet's behavior
Multiple guesses – the owner's behavior or intention that allegedly causes the pet to signal their return would be clearly determined before the start of the experiment
Misremembering – both owner and pet should be carefully monitored during the experiment to determine when they carried out the relevant behaviors
Selective matching – anyone attempting to judge the record of the pet's behavior and decide when (s)he made the appropriate signal should not know when the owner started to return home
In the British Journal of Psychology (BJP), Wiseman and his colleagues Matthew Smith and Julie Milton (1998) described four experiments with Jaytee in which the above protocols were used. The authors set a maximum time for each experiment (e.g. three hours), which was then broken down into a number of time blocks (e.g. eighteen time blocks, lasting ten minutes each). According to Wiseman et al, an experiment was considered successful if the first time that Jaytee inexplicably went to the window occurred in first ten minute time block after his owner began her return trip home. After the first unsuccessful experimental session, Wiseman et al decided (based on a suggestion from Smart) that the first time that Jaytee inexplicably went to the window for more than two minutes after his owner started returning home would be a better criterion for success. Based on this criterion, their analysis did not support the hypothesis that Jaytee could accurately detect when Smart set off to return home.
Based on this criterion, their analysis did not support the hypothesis that Jaytee could accurately detect when Smart set off to return home.
xzc wrote:In November 1994, both Jaytee's reactions and Smart's movements were monitored by two cameramen in conjunction with a team from the Science Unit of Austrian Television (ORF) headed by Dr. Heinz Lager. The video footage showed that Jaytee reacted 11 seconds after Smart was told to go home at a randomly selected time previously unknown to her. The television coverage of the experiment received considerable attention from the media. Dr. Richard Wiseman, a professor of psychology at the University of Hetfordshire and respected researcher of parapsychological claims, was asked by various newspapers and television programs for his comments on Jaytee's anticipatory behavior. In early 1995, Sheldrake invited Wiseman to test Jaytee's abilities for himself. Wiseman, Sheldrake and Smart discussed how to construct an experimental procedure that would safeguard against the following possible normal explanations:
Responding to routine – the owner would leave home at a randomly selected time
Sensory cueing from owner – the owner would return from a location which is sufficiently far away to eliminate such cues
Sensory cueing from people remaining with the pet – no one who remains with the pet would know when the owner will return
Selective memory – the experimenter would make a complete and accurate recording of the pet's behavior
Multiple guesses – the owner's behavior or intention that allegedly causes the pet to signal their return would be clearly determined before the start of the experiment
Misremembering – both owner and pet should be carefully monitored during the experiment to determine when they carried out the relevant behaviors
Selective matching – anyone attempting to judge the record of the pet's behavior and decide when (s)he made the appropriate signal should not know when the owner started to return home
In the British Journal of Psychology (BJP), Wiseman and his colleagues Matthew Smith and Julie Milton (1998) described four experiments with Jaytee in which the above protocols were used. The authors set a maximum time for each experiment (e.g. three hours), which was then broken down into a number of time blocks (e.g. eighteen time blocks, lasting ten minutes each). According to Wiseman et al, an experiment was considered successful if the first time that Jaytee inexplicably went to the window occurred in first ten minute time block after his owner began her return trip home. After the first unsuccessful experimental session, Wiseman et al decided (based on a suggestion from Smart) that the first time that Jaytee inexplicably went to the window for more than two minutes after his owner started returning home would be a better criterion for success. Based on this criterion, their analysis did not support the hypothesis that Jaytee could accurately detect when Smart set off to return home.
lol
Old_Gobbo wrote:Maybe if the people are children, or the elderly. Regardless, in a thread where I am obviously trying to change the way people use the word, what is the reason you are bringing up this point? It's like being with gay people and saying 'you know, for some people gay men are called faggots.'
Why even say anything?
Although we believe our account of our findings to the media was accurate, we
feel that the description of our experiments in RS’s book, Dogs That Know
When Their Owners Are Coming Home and Other Unexplained Powers of
Animals, is misleading. RS has presented the results of our work in the main
text of this book. However, instead of stating that we had concluded that our
experiments did not support the existence of Jaytee’s claimed abilities, he
described our data as follows:
'The pattern was very similar to that in my own experiments, and confirmed that
Jaytee anticipated Pam’s arrival even when she was returning at a randomly
chosen time in an unfamiliar vehicle. (Sheldrake, 1999b, p. 46).
RS only described our actual conclusions (i.e., that we believe that our
experiments do not support claims about Jaytee’s psychic abilities) in an
endnote, published in a very small font, at the very back of the book (Footnote
1).
Another study came out in the Journal of Scientific Exploration the same year as the JSPR debate (Sheldrake & Smart, 2000a), and described more than 100 videotaped experiments with Jaytee, which were time-coded and scored "blind". Adopting the methodological controls as described in Wiseman et al (1998), Sheldrake & Smart found that Jaytee was at the window 4% of the time during the main period of her absence and 55% of the time when she was returning. Additionally, the authors completed a series of experiments in a more 'naturalistic' setting, where Smart returned home at non-routine times of her choosing, as well as control experiments, where Smart did not return home at all. The authors found the results of these naturalistic experiments to be significant, and showed that Jaytee did not wait at the window more and more as time went on.
The last published investigation into the phenomenon of 'dogs that know when their owners are coming home' came out in Anthrozoös, the journal of the International Society for Anthrozoology (Sheldrake & Smart, 2000b). This set of ten video-taped experiments was carried out with a Rhodesian ridgeback dog named Kane. Kane's window area was filmed continuously while his owner went to places more than 8 km away and come home at a variety of non-routine times, some of which were selected at random and communicated by a telephone pager. The time-coded videos were scored blind by an independent party. On average, Kane spent 26% of the time at the window while his owner was returning and 1% during the rest of her absence, a difference that was highly significant statistically.
You clearly didn't read all of them.
On average, Kane spent 26% of the time at the window while his owner was returning and 1% during the rest of her absence, a difference that was highly significant statistically.
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