In the penultimate section of the first treatise of On the Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche calls the nobility of seventeenth and eighteenth century France “the last political nobility which there was in Europe” (section 16). And in the Wikipedia article on French nobility, it says:
[size=95]“The idea of what it meant to be noble went through a radical transformation from the 16th to the 17th centuries. Through contact with the Italian Renaissance and their concept of the perfect courtier (Baldassare Castiglione), the rude warrior class was remodeled into what the 17th century would come to call l’honnête homme (‘the honest or upright man’), among whose chief virtues were eloquent speech, skill at dance, refinement of manners, appreciation of the arts, intellectual curiosity, wit, a spiritual or platonic attitude in love, and the ability to write poetry.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_nobility#Aristocratic_codes)[/size]
I suspect this development is not a good thing from an aristocratic radicalist point of view. Thus Nietzsche declares:
[size=95]“War on the effeminate conception of ‘nobility’!–a quantum more of brutality cannot be dispensed with, any more than closeness to crime. Even ‘self-satisfaction’ is not part of it; one should be adventurous, experimental, destructive also toward oneself–no beautiful-soul twaddle–. I want to make room for a more robust ideal.” (The Will to Power, Kaufmann edition, section 951 whole.)[/size]
The period described in the Wikipedia article, “from the 16th to the 17th centuries”, is roughly the period of the Counter-Reformation; it is Late Renaissance, i.e., when the High Renaissance was already over:
[size=95]“Is it understood at last, will it ever be understood, what the Renaissance was? The transvaluation of Christian values,–an attempt with all available means, all instincts and all the resources of genius to bring about a triumph of the opposite values, the more noble values… This has been the one great war of the past; there has never been a more critical question than that of the Renaissance–it is my question too–; there has never been a form of attack more fundamental, more direct, or more violently delivered by a whole front upon the center of the enemy! To attack at the critical place, at the very seat of Christianity, and there enthrone the more noble values–that is to say, to insinuate them into the instincts, into the most fundamental needs and appetites of those sitting there… I see before me the possibility of a perfectly heavenly enchantment and spectacle:–it seems to me to scintillate with all the vibrations of a fine and delicate beauty, and within it there is an art so divine, so infernally divine, that one might search in vain for thousands of years for another such possibility; I see a spectacle so rich in significance and at the same time so wonderfully full of paradox that it should arouse all the gods on Olympus to immortal laughter–Caesar Borgia as pope!… Am I understood?.. Well then, that would have been the sort of triumph that I alone am longing for today–: by it Christianity would have been swept away!–” (Nietzsche, The Antichrist, section 61, Mencken translation.)[/size]
Cesare Borgia died in 1503; the Counter-Reformation began between 1545 and 1563 and ended in 1648. And in 1673, the first successful French opera was first performed, before Louis XIV, who is represented as the Sun God in the Prologue.
[size=95]“[T]he Jews have a pleasure in their divine monarch and saint similar to that which the French nobility had in Louis XIV. This nobility had allowed its power and autocracy to be taken from it, and had become contemptible: in order not to feel this, in order to be able to forget it, an unequalled royal magnificence, royal authority and plenitude of power was needed, to which there was access only for the nobility. As in accordance with this privilege they raised themselves to the elevation of the court, and from that elevation saw everything under them,–saw everything contemptible,–they got beyond all uneasiness of conscience. They thus elevated intentionally the tower of the royal power more and more into the clouds, and set the final coping-stone of their own power thereon.” (Nietzsche, The Gay Science, aphorism 136, Common translation.)[/size]
To be sure, Lully’s Cadmus et Hermione has been a delightful discovery for me. I value it, however, for what it harks back to, not for what it led up to. Lully–a born Italian, mind you–catered especially to the reigning French tastes in order to get the French to embrace opera. For this reason, there is a lot of pre-Baroque French nobility in it. But as the Wikipedia article on Baroque music says:
[size=95]“[T]he beginning of opera […] was somewhat of a catalyst for Baroque music.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music#Early_baroque_music_.281580.E2.80.931630.29)[/size]
And Baroque was, so to say, the beginning of the end… It’s the beginning of what’s usually called “classical music”–which however is nothing Classical. The next phase, which immediately follows Baroque, is called “the Classical period”; but, as in the other arts, what follows Baroque here is of course not Classical but Rococo, or at best a reaction to Rococo…
[size=95]“The ‘good old’ days are gone. In Mozart they sang themselves out:–how lucky we are that his rococo still speaks to us, that his ‘good society,’ his loving raptures, his childish delight in Chinese effects and curlicues, the civility in his heart, his desire for delicacy, lovers, dancers, those with blissful tears, his faith in the south can still appeal to some remnant in us!” (Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, aphorism 245, Johnston translation.)
“Does the concept grand style ultimately stand in contradiction to the soul of music–to the ‘woman’ in our music?–
I here touch upon a cardinal question: where does our entire music belong? The ages of classical taste knew nothing to compare with it: it began to blossom when the Renaissance world had attained its evening, when ‘freedom’ had departed from morals and even from men:–is it part of its character to be counter-Renaissance? […]
Mozart–a delicate and amorous soul, but entirely eighteenth century, even when he is serious,–Beethoven the first great romantic, in the sense of the French conception of romanticism, as Wagner is the last great romantic–both instinctive opponents of classical taste, of severe style–to say nothing of ‘grand’ style.” (Nietzsche, The Will to Power, Kaufmann edition, section 842. Note that in the KSA it says “wishes” (Wünschen) instead of “men” (Menschen).)[/size]
And with this, I finally get to my point. “The ‘woman’ in our music”: there you have it. When I tried to explain my thesis concerning the first Wikipedia quote above to a friend of mine, he, plebeian that he is, said something like: “Oh, so you’re saying that that’s when the French became so gay!” And indeed, it was; though, ironically, not in the sense of gai saber, of course! I mean it in the sense that the French gradually became so feminized that they allowed the English to fuck them in the ass, if you’ll pardon my French–inseminating them with “modern ideas”:
[size=95]“What people call ‘modern ideas’ or ‘the ideas of the eighteenth century’ or even ‘French ideas’–in other words, what the German spirit has risen against with a deep disgust–were English in origin. There’s no doubt of that. The French have been only apes and actors of these ideas, their best soldiers, as well, and at the same time unfortunately their first and most complete victims. For with the damnable Anglomania of ‘modern ideas’ the âme française [French soul] has finally become so thin and emaciated that nowadays we remember almost with disbelief its sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, its profoundly passionate power, its resourceful nobility. But with our teeth we must hang on to the following principle of historical fairness and defend it against the appearance of the moment: European noblesse–in feeling, in taste, in customs, in short, the word taken in every higher sense–is the work and invention of France; European nastiness [Gemeinheit], the plebeian quality of modern ideas, the work of England.” (Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, aphorism 253, Johnston translation.)[/size]
But why does Nietzsche here speak so favourably of sixteenth and seventeenth century France? I don’t think this contradicts my thesis; for I think it was precisely the contradiction between the robust or “rude” reality of the French warrior class and the effeminate conception of “nobility” with which it was infected that gave him reason to do so:
[size=95]“The two opposite values ‘good and bad’, ‘good and evil’ have fought a fearful battle on earth for thousands of years; and though it’s true that the second value has for a long time had the upper hand, even now there’s still no lack of places where the battle goes on without a final decision. One could even say that it has in the meantime been drawn to ever greater heights and thereby become ever deeper, ever more spiritual: so that nowadays there is perhaps no more decisive mark of a ‘higher nature’, a more spiritual nature, than to be split in that sense and truly still be a battleground for those opposites. The symbol of this battle, written in a script that has remained legible through all human history up to the present, is called ‘Rome against Judea, Judea against Rome’:–there has up to the present been no greater event than this battle, this posing of a question, this contradiction between deadly enemies.” (Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morality, First Treatise, section 16.)[/size]
The robust or “rude” reality of the French warrior class corresponds to “Rome”; the effeminate conception of “nobility” with which it was infected corresponds to “Judea”.