The pre-modern theories thought formed matter sorta was willed into being through practice. I said that wrong, I gotta thing a bit more about the words to use for English, gotta realize I’m yanking the explanation from over a hundred pages of a muddled paraphrase (Arius Didymus).
Think of it this way… you have a city, and a city is mappable. It has a determined causality, like the rest… linked together. Yet it has a deposition, and from this a character. You get a mix of good and bad aspects in it. A society responds with good and bad laws to it, and to other cities (city states, or dependent cities, they really didn’t specify the realities of the actual proto-national Greek nation state building efforts, or Rome/Alexandrian empire).
All of this stems from it’s matter (not matter, I gotta figure out a better term for it)… I never actually saw the word monad so don’t want to say monad. The presumption was everything physical had a root in a kind of matter from vices… that everything was a a mixture… person to person, object to object, city to city. The whole goal fell into a Platonic theory of how physics worked in the universe, it was the starting point. My book by Arius Didymus is no more (thank you cats) so I can’t quote it.
The basic presumption a classical Stoic would have once arriving in our time, if told about the idea of satellite surveillance, and spectral imaging, is that the constitute patterns of vices and virtues could be mapped everywhere, and upon hearing of chemistry, it could be tested. They would be deeply stumped to hear that physics doesn’t work quite that way, that atoms do exist.
Would they be completely lost? No… their theories did predict a lot, they would fit rather smoothly into neurology, even their most archaic theories resemble cutting edge theories of how the mind works. They had a basic idea for hormone and behavioral modification. While they could be admittedly off in physics at times, they would assert the addage “You are what you eat” and even with a Epicurian emphasis of atoms, they could point out form and matter combined still has virtues… a form if a human (statue, corpse) can’t reproduce, but a human living can. We still haven’t come close to explaining form… stoic theory of all classical theories (short of Zeno’s paradoxes, I’m working on a very, very complicated math problem combining Zeno’s space paradox with it’s inverse, he appears to of had the solution to many questions about time and causality well ahead of the limiting presumptions of quantum mechanics, didn’t occur to me till I wrote it down and started looking at it carefully) come closest to explaining relativity, and effecting objects at a distance. In many ways, their philosophy most closely resembles cutting edge physics. However… it lead to stupid presumptions too. We get our basic concepts of astrology from them… with fate tied into it. It is indeed a science, but the most useless science ever devised. They complicated the hell out of it, as only a Stoic could. They really did believe in a virtuous elite who could interprete the signs of nature… this lead to scientific insight often, but far more often than that some asshole was observing the flight of birds or twists in the intestines to figure out prognostic evidence to questions… maybe in a few thousand years, a computer will exist that can zero in on matter and understand matter so damn well and how it can relate to the rest of the universe, but they honestly were just bullshitting themselves otherwise.
These elites came in two forms. The elites of a city, growing organically out of the city scape (they didn’t think rustics could do this as well, as they were not versed in city ways) or the Cynic Sage, who never really became virtuous out of choice, but quickly learned in a tantric manner how to live in accordance with virtue… a Stoic sage (presumptuous twat) modelled himself after a Cynic sage, but with the refinement of city culture.
If I was transported back in time, I would just walk around with a metal detector, having it beep over the objects of a city, and ask Stoics “Is this spot more virtuous, is this a more virtuous floral arrangement, is the epicenter of a city as traced from the city walls it’s most virtuous location, should I sit here or there?” They would quickly grasp this insult, because it docked around with their physical presumptions of geography, but their psychological presumptions would be men are mostly indifferent… neither good or evil IN PREFERENCE. You would have platonists and pythagorians laughing at my antics, I would be ripping their Feng Shui presumptions, the Cynics would take turns kicking them.
Yet… ideas like matter and antimatter, good foods and bad foods, good chemicals and bad chemicals, good urban planning and bad urban planning, good leadership and household management and bad, health and unhealthy lifestyles would fit in the physics rather well. No Stouc would bat an eye at the revelation of Einstein that all physics is based on relativity, with a odd quantum underbelly. They would completely be enthusiastic about NASA. Dissapointed as fuck augury went bust… honestly, Jerome Cardan was when the shift in philosophy broke with the past… think they would be thunderstruck with his insights. The world generally was, it made us the civilization we are today. They could definitely strengthen our ethical theories, their theory if virtues wasn’t inherently wrong, they just inherited a shitty mechanical presumption of how it worked from Plato… like I said, their theories conceptually would be closer of all ancient philosophies to cutting edge presumptions in quantum mechanics.
Anyway, I’m not a Stoic in as far as physics is concern. I’m more into the Ethics. Doesn’t mean I didn’t investigate it. Has a lot if the problems scientific presumptions had even up to Nietzsche’s time with Will to Power… the Stoics were of course immune to the deficiencies in Nietzsche’s WTP presumption, as their Categories (as well as Aristotle’s) throw a lot of light, as a sort if commentary, on how Nietzsche was trying to build a new categories & physics out of it… the arguments between the Stoics and Aristotelians on the nature of the categories, how they logically work, ripped Nietzsche’s presumptions to awkward shreds… he didn’t really evolve or advance their arguments, stuck to the old physics largely, advanced the Stoic arguments of Indifference between GOOD and Evil to saying no good or evil, but didn’t scrap any of the underlining presumptions, it is still all there… very awkward, very messy, why it likely was never published. It didn’t pull it off. But I am impressed with his desire to outdo them, I take WTP as his sequal to his Pre-Platonic philosophers. Applying Stoic presumptions to modern science is exactly that hard. It comes out nasty and backwards if your too conservative, modern science doesn’t always mesh with ancient.

I applaud Nietzsche for the attempt, seems the entire fucking planet other than me, his modern critic here, even noticed what he was trying to do with these two books. It was very interesting, if not at all successful. Complete failure to be honest. He died early though, hard to say what a 70 year old Nietzsche would if said on the matter once modern physics took root, and had to address his celebrity status and answer his presumptions to living critics. I’m presuming he would of abandoned it as modern chemistry began to more firmly solidify.
Why I advocate reason and balance science with ideas, than blind conservatism to old ideals. No modern Stouc holds to the old Stoic ideals, as described above. If they did, I want to do the metal detector routine on them… with the “beep beep beep” looks like I found a little patch if virtue here routine. Sit here and absorb it through osmosis, through my ass.