Introduction
Having been associated and dedicated to the running of a Christian parish that with time lost its attractiveness through quibbling and quarrelling, I went searching for answers as to why we have learnt so little from the source of our faith, which is the Bible. Especially the Protestants, to which I associate myself, have professed the sola scriptura (Latin ablative, “by scripture alone”) doctrine by which the Bible is seen as the only infallible and inerrant authority for Christian faith, and that it contains all knowledge necessary for salvation and holiness. Why then is it ignored?
If sola scriptura demands that only those doctrines are to be admitted or confessed that are found directly within or indirectly by using valid logical deduction or valid deductive reasoning from scripture, why do so few Christians have a working knowledge of the Bible? It seems to me that the doctrine fails simply because it is an academic standard that hasn’t had more impact amongst churchgoers other than cause animosity and distain between people of differing opinions of what is meant in scripture. The use of an orthodoxy that defines what is to be believed creates automatically its opposite, namely that which is not to be believed, and shuts the door to further enquiry.
Could it be this restriction that causes the pressure under which varying Protestant denominations broke loose, freeing themselves from an oppressive spirit and thereby experiencing so-called “awakenings” by which a new theology was supposedly given divine authority? The result is a certain animosity between “mainstream” and “free” churches, which opposes the spirit of Christ and occasionally breaks loose within a parish.
The five “Solas”, Sola scriptura (“by Scripture alone”), Sola fide (“by faith alone”), Sola gratia (“by grace alone”), Solus Christus or Solo Christo (“Christ alone” or “through Christ alone”), Soli Deo gloria (“glory to God alone”), are five Latin phrases that emerged during the Protestant Reformation and summarize the Reformers’ basic theological beliefs in contradistinction to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church of the day. But what we have here is one structure battling against another, promising freedom but still keeping people in chains. I propose that the radical reformation that Christ proclaimed was far superior to any reformation since and that the power of his reformation was due to its spiritual nature rather than a reformation fuelled by academic propositions.
The New Testament
The New Testament is spoken of today without a particular emphasis on the “newness”, which, after two thousand years is probably understandable. Today, the New Testament (Greek: Kainē Diathēkē) is the name given to the second major division of the Christian Bible, the first such division being called the Old Testament (OT). The OT is referred to by the Jews as the Book of the “Covenant”, which refers to the Covenant of Abraham. Covenant can be translated as “Testament”, which is why the New Testament is sometimes called the New Covenant, or the New Law, although the phrase “Law” is misguiding, as we will see.
This indicates something which is spoken of in the Letter to the Hebrews in a very legalistic manner, namely that a New Covenant has superseded the old. The point being made that the New Covenant of Christ is superior to the old, because the promises made are superior. The letter is probably said to be one to the Hebrews because the legalistic approach was especially of interest to the Jews, who had been led down the legal path by the Pharisees and the Scribes, sometimes called “Lawyers” in the old translations. Compared to the proclamations of Jesus, the explanations given in Hebrews are gritty and wearisome. Sometimes they remind us of Paul’s attempts to win over his fellow Jews, but there too, the deliverance perspective has to be strained out of the text.
Jesus reacted to this legalistic approach by saying, “If your righteousness shall not exceed that of the scribes and Pharisees, you shall not enter into the kingdom of God, never!” Far more important than the legalistic assurance of salvation is compassion, “First, be reconciled to your brother …” It is written that “he taught them as having authority and not as the scribes” which, far from projecting a “consciousness of divine authority, as Lawgiver, Expounder and Judge”, as one commentator writes, he was transcending the Law by showing that love defined the relationship between God and Man before morality caused the separation of sin, and love must again be central to this relationship.
Therefore the New Testament is a New Covenant of love, “not according to the covenant that I cut with the[…] fathers [of Israel and Judah] in the day I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt – which covenant of mine they broke, although I was a husband to them”, says Jehovah. “But this is the covenant that I will cut with the house of Israel: After those days,” declares Jehovah, “I will put my Law in their inward parts, and I will write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. And they shall no longer each man teach his neighbour, and each man his brother, saying, ‘Know Jehovah’. For they shall all know me, from the least of them even to the greatest of them,” declares Jehovah. “For I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sins no more.” (Jer. 31:32-34)
This would have been a major religious breakthrough for Israel, especially with the disintegration of Judah already threatened after numerous uprisings and a far stronger presence of Roman troops than elsewhere in the Empire, waiting to quash further disturbances of the “Pax Romana”. The New Covenant of Love could make Jews inwardly free and independent, and externally reform the much needed care of the poor, sick and lame, taking the emphasis away from securing ones own salvation by pedantically observing laws, back to spontaneous care for ones neighbour. It was in this that Jesus saw the salvation of his people both in his time and at the end of time, not in a military Messiah, which was completely out of the question and was proved to be so finally at the destruction of the Temple and the Dispersion – only approximately 40 years after the crucifixion of Christ.
The New Testament as an internal affair
The spread of Christianity has to be something that is ascribed to Paul, perhaps formally named “Saul” or it was just his “unofficial” Jewish name, and his Roman name was Paul. It is at least known that he was extremely instrumental in spreading Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. The curious thing about this is the speed at which Paul “planted” his churches and moved on. This speaks for a very simple strategy, and perhaps even simpler message. He preferred to set Jews up as initial leaders of his churches, if he could find some, probably because they could first of all grasp the message quickly and secondly, they would have a theological background to support the message with OT scripture.
However, it must have been the spirit of the community, which they called “Grace”, that was undeniable. The Grace of God, which Paul later wished all of his readers at the beginning of his letters, was an experiential sign that things were going right. It wasn’t just “the Way” of Christ, which could be seen as the yoke or precept of Christ, but the way it transformed people that made the church attractive to people. The external form had been overcome, even the obligatory “ten men” who constituted a formal religious meeting, could be ignored and women found a new religious freedom within the church. Despite all of the pitfalls and dangers that a new movement had to overcome within the Roman Empire, this was spiritual progression – perhaps not on a universal level, but definitely within the area of Greek influence.
Paul knew that this new formation of people would be seen critically by the Roman officials, who saw all new movements as potentially subversive an and he tried to sell his movement as Jewish, but the Jews objected. They objected on the grounds that show that the movement had effectively transcended the Jewish Form, which was holy to them, and consequently set Christians apart and in line for Roman oppression. Paul himself was occasionally able to escape, but in the end, it was the Jews of Jerusalem who brought his downfall. To them, he was a heretic and blasphemer, which just shows how much the Christian message of Paul had gone beyond Jewish teaching.
And yet, Paul was still retaining the Jewish influence in his teaching. In fact, if it were not for him, theologians would have had much less to do. It was probably his knowledge of Hebrew and Aramaic that helped him translate the Good News into a Greek environment. The liberation it brought was probably just as dangerous as it was revolutionary, and yes, of course it was subversive. The whole terminology of Christianity is borrowed from the Roman court, although it is flipped over and contradicted. However, these subversive elements were not militant at first, but in the third century we witness Bishops speaking about the influence of the church within society and suggesting that oppression of the church would be contra productive for the state.
The church is, however, a movement of people following the precepts of Christ, seeking spiritual experience in their “chamber”, bringing “prophetic” insights into the congregation and serving their co-Christians in a familiar community. It is a movement of inward reflexion and outward compassion, humility and outreach, self-discipline and constructive assistance. Of course it didn’t remain that way. Even Paul had problems to contend with, whether it was Jewish influence, Greek influence or all kinds of eccentricity that seems to go with movements discovering their freedom. Much of this is what Paul writes about, particularly to the Corinthians. He is continually challenged to protect Christians from themselves and at one point he blurts out, “The realm of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness and peace and joy in Holy Spirit”, indicating that their debates about what they are allowed to do or not allowed to do are missing the point.
This hasn’t changed through the millennia, in fact we have probably either returned to or stayed at that point in time and haven’t understood just what freedom Christ brought us. The theology of the Cross was intended to show that Christ had brought freedom, and that his sacrifice sufficed to end all sacrifices. It is also a liturgical model that symbolises the renewal of life as a resurrection, and the sprucing of new life as a sign of life after death. There are many such images to found in the Bible, like the dawn after the dark of night, spring after winter, the harvest after sowing the seed. This is the way that we must all go to gain new life and the Baptism is its observable ritual.
…. To be continued