The thermodynamics has arisen as a
“science about the processes occurring in thermal machinesâ€.
Then laws of thermodynamics have been distributed to the entire Universe.
However the Universe is more similar to a refrigerator, than to a steam boiler.
All of the Universe space is divided to the world of stars with their heat
and to the cold of interstellar space.
An average density of stars, planets and all material substance in the
Universe is insignificantly small. So the Universe as a whole represents
the Empire of the Eternal Cold.
Then there is a question:
How are the hot stars are formed in the Empire of the Eternal Cold?
The founders of thermodynamics were not interested in the particles,
which a body is consisted of, which properties are these particles possess.
And we shall take an interest in these questions and we shall ask:
What geometrical and physical parameters of particles can be
found in a VACUUM?
The answer is quite surprising.
The quantum physics approves, that
" virtual particles " are existed in the Vacuum.
Astrophysics approves, that " latent mass ",
"invisible particles " are existed in the Vacuum. .
From them everythig is created .
But nobody knows, that they are " virtual particles ",
" latent mass ", " invisible particles ".
The thermodynamics has appeared as a
“science about the processes occurring in thermal machinesâ€.
Then laws of thermodynamics have been distributed of the Universe as a whole.
In 1850 Rudolph Clausius formulated the Second law of thermodynamics:
Heat can spontaneously pass only in one direction -
from a hot body to a less hot one.
Therefore many scientists thought, that in the future the Universe would cool down
and thermal death would come. To avoid it Boltzmann has given probable
interpretation to this law. It means there is an opportunity for the reverse process,
when a thermal process appears from a cold condition.
What process is it?
Why does anybody considers an opportunity how from
Absolute Vacuum Т=0К hot stars are formed?
The majority of scientists of the XIX century preferred
to study the thermal phenomena not relying on any concrete
notions of the substance’s structure. They were interested
with such physical parameters as volume, density and temperature.
The famous American scientist G. Gibbs wrote:
“Someone, who bases his work on hypothesis connecting
to substance’s structure, stands on an unreliable foundation”.
In school textbooks, they also write:
“The theory in which thermal qualities of the particles without
calculation of their molecular structure are studied, is called thermodynamics”.
Thus, from the very beginning the scientists refused to examine
the structure of the particle, its geometric form.
And a person who refuses to examine an evident model of a particle,
in advance dooms himself to misunderstanding of the situation.
Now we know, that the Universe is not similar to the thermal machine.
The Universe as a whole is similar to a vacuum refrigerator.
It is consider now, that absolute temperature of the Universe is Т=2,7К.
It is an absolute reference system (now).
But we all know that our Universe is expanding…
This temperature is not constant, and continues to decrease and,
hence, in the future will decrease down to Т=0К.
In this Empire of a cold local sites are observed, in which
temperature T=0K (Т=2.7K) is broken.
What particles can break the symmetry of Vacuum?
All energy is the equalling of forces.
If the big bang was the cause of all comotion in the universe, there would be no need for the big bang because all energy would be already equaled out.
Yet I don’t think the universe is expanding,… as much as in motion. Unless the universe is still being created.
Well what is heat? We can learn from a basic chem. class that heat is the friction or movement of molecules/atoms. In a vacuum, there is no friction, however space is not a vacuum, there is gas in space. Gasses like spread out however, so there is some free space in space… this is why there is tempter in space to begin with. We also learn from a game of pool that energy can be transferred and still the object that gave new energy to the object at rest can go on giving energy to more objects at rest. In conclusion, Friction is heat; space is not a vacuum and energy id transferable.
In modern science there are two mutually exclusive points of view
on the behaviour of particles in a Vacuum.
One point of view is the position of classical physics which says that:
“In the vacuum at T=0K any movement of a particle stops.â€
And if in the Empire of Cold there is no movement, it is a dead empire.
But another point of view completely rejects this formulation.
This point of view is expressed in the quantum theory.
In 1911, M. Planck stated that energy does not become zero
at the approach T=0K.
He declared this on the 1st Solvay congress.
So, T=0K " became the main problem in physics "
“Physics is first of all the vacuum”.
Gradually it began to appear that Vacuum at T=0K is not empty dead space.
There live the “virtual” particles.
These particles originally have negative and imaginary mass,
and then make a “virtual transition “ to positive mass, becoming real particles.
But the apparently mystical “virtual particles” as they make “virtual transitions”. explains little.
Let’s rethink these “virtual” particles. Let’s ask a question:
What is the geometrical form of “virtual” particles in the Vacuum at T=0K?
The answer is:
According to the laws of physics :
J. Charles ( 1787), Gay-Lussac ( 1802), V. Nernst ( 1910), A. Einstein
( 1925) particles in a Vacuum cannot have density, volume and consequently should be flat figures.
This means, particles have the geometrical form of a circle, as from all flat figures
the circle has the most optimum form: C/D=pi= 3,14.
What are these “virtual” circles in the vacuum?
The answer is given in the theory of radiation of absolute black bodies.
The theory considers an area of the space which are in absolute thermal balance.
It is possible only at T=0K. But it is known, that such a condition is a
"thermal death " and is not observed in nature.
Therefore Planck, studying this area, came to the conclusion that condition T=0K has changed.
In this space there should be a radiation of a quantum of light, possessing an internal impulse h=Et=1.
So, « the virtual circle » is transformed to quantum of light.
This quantum of light has an impulse h=Et=1 and travels with constant speed, c=1.
From this assumption Quantum theory was born.
Therefore the Quantum theory is a theory only about a quantum of light and its various transformations.
And classical theory considers all other particles.
These particles have mass much greater than a quantum of light and
move with much smaller speeds. If we understand the difference between
a quantum of light and all other particles, then all contradictions in the physics disappear,
and all of physics becomes a harmoniously integral science.