Classic Hebrew, Classic Greek, Coptic, Dead Sea Scrolls

[Jayson]

Well, here's the deal.
A large chunk of people that traffic here are from the western cultures.
As such, a good chunk are inquisitive regarding Biblical discussions.

Therefore, anyone that might have the time and energy, I'm posting this as a list of resources for both Classic Hebrew and Classic Greek resources.
They cover everything from sources to read in the original dialect to extremely lengthy books and papers on grammatical theory of the languages.
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Quick Links
Introduction - Description
Classic Hebrew Resources
Classic Greek Resources
Coptic Resources
Dead Sea Scrolls Resources
Social Anthropology Resources of the Levant Region
Update Log

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For now, I'm not going to sticky this.
If people would like it to be, then shout it out and I'll make it so.

[Jayson]

Introduction
Resources are listed by Language, and then broken down into four categories:

Reading
Dictionaries
Grammar
Fonts

Reading Resources
Reading resources are those that have the writing in the classic Hebrew or Greek in raw form without any translation or transliteration.
Where possible, I provide a link to resources that provide high resolution photographs of ancient documents that contain the classic Hebrew or Greek (currently only Greek as I haven't found an ancient Torah high resolution resource yet), as I personally prefer working from these documents purely as much as possible to reduce errors in the relay of the information.

Dictionary Resources
Anything that has to do with the meanings of the words.

Grammar
Grammar resources are those that deal with how the writings you read work, and how to read them, and determine which of many possible definitions a word has is the right pick (often you end up with just getting to narrow things down to a set of words that refer to the same concept).

Fonts
Self explanatory

[Jayson]

Reading:

• http://classic.net.bible.org/bible.php
  Doubles as dictionary & options for grammar, but you can't take everything they say as final; it's a good indication of the options, and then you can work from there. It makes it much more easy than otherwise.
  The definitions are just all of the options, and not specific to the grammatical use, though which form the grammar is (of verbs) is stated.
  
• http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm
  My personal favorite for Hebrew.
  I have simply never found a better online resource for raw classic Hebrew from the Bible.
  The easiest way to use this is to type in the book you are looking for, then click on a result that has a chapter listing (like Genesis 1, is an example of a result if you type in Genesis). Once you get into a chapter (even if it is not the chapter you are looking for), all of the book's chapter's will be visible at the top as clickable links. (In short, their search engine isn't too great, but it's workable.)
  
• http://www.scripture4all.org/OnlineInterlinear/Hebrew_Index.htm
  This one is alright, but it's easy to get distracted with their translations, which aren't bad exactly or anything, I just prefer as raw as I can get.

Dictionaries:

• http://classic.net.bible.org/bible.php
  As stated above, useful as a dictionary as well.
  
• http://morfix.mako.co.il/
  This one is tricky to use because the site navigation is in Hebrew, so that may cause stumbling blocks at first, but just paste the Hebrew into the search bar at the top right and click on the first button to the left of the search field to find a result.
  Results are in English.

Grammar:

• http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius'_Hebrew_Grammar
  Great breakdown of everything. Really insanely lengthy though, but it's really slick to see a reference book flipped into a searchable and clickable wiki!
  Really great resource for Nouns! (which are hard to come by content on...most concentrate on the grammar of the verbs)
  Also has the ever tricky Participles!!
  
• http://www.hebrew4christians.net/Grammar/grammar.html
  Really light-weight, but a decent introduction to basic classic Hebrew grammar.
  
• http://www.laits.utexas.edu/hebrew/heblang/bh/bhonline/grammar/verbs.pdf
  A really short, but really effective simple layout of the common and basic conjugations, such as the Person, in easy tables.
  
• http://torahdikduk.com/DikdukSetup.zip
  Absolutely unrivaled.
  The most comprehensive and usefull tool on Hebrew Grammar I have ever found.
  With this and something like http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0.htm, you can quickly identify which form a word is in and therefore which grammatical treatment to employ.
  
• http://tmcdaniel.palmerseminary.edu/GeseniusGrammar.pdf
  REALLY in-depth, not so much a resource look-up, but a learning read.
  
• http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0008_0_08627.html
  Great reference for quick verb conjugation meanings (and more).
  (simple active, simple passive, intensive active, intensive passive, causative active, causative passive, and reflexive)

Classic Hebrew Fonts:

• http://scripts.sil.org/EzraSIL_Home

[Jayson]

Reading:

• http://classic.net.bible.org/bible.php
  Again, a great resource for definition possibilities and grammar indications.
  They do a much better job representing the Greek grammar; you can almost just go on what they state the grammar is completely.
  But I did say, "almost".
  A few times I have found their transliteration to be counter to papyri, which then changes the grammatical manner in which the word is translated.
  Generally, I don't see this as a problem, however, as in doing translation work of Greek you should always check against multiple sources for what the Greek is written as (it's fairly common for accidental errors to occur in this field for Greek; not to mention the variations in manuscripts and papyri).
  
• http://www.greekbible.com/
  I generally use this along side of net.bible.org as a double check of the conjugations in use. When I see a divination, I start looking at the Papyrus directly (if more than one papyrus, then I look at them all).
  
• http://chrles.multiply.com/
  Unrivaled collection of Papyri in high resolution and large images; both Coptic and Greek (I don't have anything up yet for Coptic btw).

Dictionaries:

• http://classic.net.bible.org/bible.php
  As mentioned, doubles as a dictionary.
• http://www.laparola.net/greco/parola.php?p=ἀσπάζομαι
  Use the greekbible.com site to grab a copy of a word in Greek and replace the part of the address that reads, "ἀσπάζομαι", with the word you are interested in and you'll end up with simply the best definition listing I've seen for classic Greek (at least Biblically related words).
  It even lists all variants of conjugations in Greek so you can see what other forms of the same word look like in other uses.
  Also lists multiple dictionary's definitions rather than just one so you get a better overall grasp of the concept of the word.

Grammar:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts
  Just handy to have for looking through Papyri.
  Clicking on a Papyrus' or Manuscript's nomenclature takes you to a wikipedia description of the papyrus or manuscript, which then tells you what is written in that particular papyrus or manuscript.
  Also great if you want to only work with a certain dating period for translations.
  Further, it is essential if you want to know which category of Papyrus or Manuscript a text is in; there is a remarkable difference in some areas between Alexander and Byzantine Papyrus and Manuscripts; actually causes some heated debates in the field.
  
• http://nttranscripts.uni-muenster.de/AnaServer?NTtranscripts+0+start.anv
  UNRIVALED resource for seeing Alexandrian and Byzantine comparisons and textual variants that take place.
  Even lists which papyrus or manuscript has what parts of the verse in which manners in color coded, easy to read, format.
  Hands down one of the best resources for Greek in the Bible.
  
• http://www.islamic-awareness.org/Bible/Text/Mss/P52.html
  A great site for learning what content is in a papyrus and where it was found, if known (the latter is considerably important, as a translator may only want works from given regions).
  
• http://www.biblicalgreek.org/grammar/
  Very in-depth and excellent resource for learning everything about the classic Greek.
  
• http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/grkindex.htm
  Another very in-depth and equally excellent resource for learning everything about the classic Greek.
  
• http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/nouns1.htm
  Fantastic quick outline of how nouns work in Greek
  
• http://www.ntgreek.org/learn_nt_greek/verbs1.htm
  Fantastic quick outline of how verbs work in Greek
  
• http://www.drshirley.org/greek/grammar/g_verb-2AIAb.pdf
  Great PDF for seeing what many conjugations look like in the Greek, as well as basic treatments of them in the English.
  
• http://www.donpotter.net/PDF/Roberts'%20Grammar%20Lesson%2021.pdf
  Another pretty nice PDF for seeing what many conjugations look like in the Greek in basic formats; also has some exercises if you need to try your hand at things.
  
• http://www.ibiblio.org/koine/greek/lessons/pronoun2.html
  Decent site for seeing what some conjugations look like in the Greek.

Classic Greek Fonts:

• http://www.russellcottrell.com/greek/fonts.asp

[Jayson]

Reading:

• http://chrles.multiply.com/
  Again, unrivaled collection of high resolution images of, in this case, Coptic texts.
  
• http://www.bibliacoptica.com/links/horner.html
  Fantastic resource of both dialects of Coptic of the New Testament.

Dictionaries:

• http://www.metalog.org/files/crum.html
  There's really no other such resource that I've found for Coptic online.

Grammar:

• http://www.metalog.org/files/Plumley.pdf
  There's really nothing else really needed than this single PDF. It truly captures everything you need for understanding how Coptic works.

Coptic Fonts:

• http://scripts.sil.org/SophiaNubian

[Jayson]

Dead Sea Scrolls Resource:

• http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/back_dss.php
  There really isn't a need for any other resource for the Dead Sea Scrolls than this.
  If this site doesn't cover every possible corner and perspective of the field, then I'm not sure what would!

[Jayson]

1. 07/18/10 - Updated Coptic resources and added category for Dictionaries for all languages.
2. 06/26/11 - Added Social Anthropology Resource of the Levant Region.

[Jayson]

Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria and Israel: Continuity and Change in the Forms of Religious Life (Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East, Vol 7) - K. van der Toorn


Biblical Peoples And Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, And Early Israel 1300-1100 B.C.E. (Archaeology and Biblical Studies) - Anne E. Killebrew


Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel - Paula M. McNutt