Point iss, energy at a certain scale, energy that operates in the conventional 3 dimensions, is atomic matter. Because it can come to constitute an atom.
Therefore, even without any massive matter, though massive matter it hilariously also does happen to have, outer space is still atomic matter. Light moves through it, electrons in different atoms make contact.
Electromagnetic radiation, EMR - known as light - is often generated by - but certainly requires no atoms or particles of any kind to propagate for billions of lightyears.
The universe is filled with EMR literally everywhere. The amount of mass in the universe is a very tiny percentage.
Why is the speed of light constant in any given medium, like air or water?
The action is the same, the electronic excitation. What changes is the atomic density. This also in the atomic medium of outer space, all it has is much lower density.
If there is energy, by virtue of there being energy in it, it is not a vacum. Specially when the equivalence between energy and mass has been demonstrated.
In other terms that is Energy = ((force x distance)/ time) x time
A 120 volt 60 Watt light bulb draws .5 amps.
Amps x volts = Watts
A Watt is a unit of measure of power. So the power of the light bulb while operating is 60 Watts.
Operate that bulb for 1 hour and the ENERGY is 60 Watts x 1 hour = 60 Watt-Hours.
Operate that bulb for 10 hours and the energy is 600 Watt-Hours.
Mass is made of energy. Energy is not made of mass.
This is where James’ “affectance” word come in handy in place of energy.
The ability to affect - propagates by affecting another ability to affect - called affectance - creating propagating waves - commonly known as EMR. Mass particles are that same stuff tightly bundled in a sphere - not able to propagate - their most elemental form being electron, positron, and neutrino.
The point is that energy has matter. A body cannot start moving suddenly, it requires energy to do so, and that energy has to exist. That energy can cease to exist and become mass, as well as mass can cease to exist and become energy. There is an equivalence.
If an electron ceases to exist in one atom and an electron appears in another as a result of an energy transfer, this would not be spooky action at a distance, it would be a movement of energy.
Matter, massive and energic, makes distance. Space. There is no space without energy, there is no location you can measure that will not show energy or mass or both. At the atomic level.
What gives the speed of light is density of atomic matter. Density is a function of mass, but it includes energy, because energy is what marks what is between one massive manifestation and another. It is the function of closeness of mass, of density. If it is space without mass, it is space with energy. There is potential in that space, if nothing else, to be filled by mass. So if potential, there is energy. The space is filled. At the atomic level.
Almost sufficient. But mass is bundled by the energy passing in and out of the “traffic jam” in all directions. That is why it has inertia - part of every mass particle is already going a light speed and other parts are going exactly against whatever is trying to push. The traffic jam - a great analogy I think - can’t relocate at light speed.
No. Matter is what comes of mass. Not all energy is in the form of mass.
Bold claim. So, why is the speed of light different in water, air, and outer space? And why are these differences the only ones that can change an other wise constant?