I another thread, a couple of people have suggested that Russia is justified in its invasion of Ukraine, that it was provoked by NATO, NATO broke a promise, and/or NATO members interfered in earlier peace negotiations. Further allegations include that NATO is running a propaganda campaign against the Russia (I am not sure to what end).
To my (American) ears, this sounds like Russian propaganda, but I’m interested to hear more because it’s suddenly quite relevant.
The current fighting in Ukraine is older than the the 2022 and 2014 Russian invasions. It should include the collapse of the Yanukovych government as a result of the Maidan Revolution, and arguably also the earlier Orange Revolution and the assassination attempt against Yanukovych’s rival Yuschenko (particularly as Yanukovych sparked the Euromaidan by withdrawing from trade negotiations with the EU and is now living in exile in Russia). @Jakob argues, plausibly, that it goes back to the end of the Cold War during conversations about German reunification. In truth, it goes back much farther: Wikipedia lists a baker’s dozen conflicts between Russia and Ukraine, under various regimes, dating back to the 17th century.
The history is relevant. As far as I can tell, there are no broken promises between NATO and Russia (or even NATO and the Soviet Union) with respect to relations with Ukraine. Russia’s suggestion that there was a specific agreement is based on things that were said during the discussion of reuniting Germany, but nothing to that effect made it into any final treaty. In fact Ukraine has had various formal relation with NATO since shortly after its creation.
In contrast, Russia and Ukraine (and the US and UK) did have a formal non-aggression agreement, the Budapest Memorandum, under which Ukraine gave up its nuclear arsenal in exchange for security guarantees from the other signatories. That agreement was signed in December of 1994, nine months after Ukraine joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace initiative, which increased military cooperation and laid the groundwork for future NATO membership (and Russia was also a member of that initiative, but their membership has been suspended because of the 2014 invasion).
Given that intervening agreement, signed in the midst of expanding formal cooperation between eastern Europe and NATO, it’s absurd to appeal to statements made during a negotiation and not included in the resulting treaty. Not only are those statements not equivalent to a treaty, the intervening treaty makes clear that pre-Putin there was no expectation that NATO would stay out of Eastern Europe.
But the real lie in Putin’s use of NATO as a justification is that he simultaneously denies that Ukraine is a real state. These justifications are incommensurable.
Russia violated multiple treaties when it invaded the Ukraine, and has violated multiple ceasefires during the war. Russia lied to its own fucking army when the war started, telling them it was a military exercise (and undermining their combat readiness as a result).
For at least the last decade, Russia has been using social media to spread propaganda to undermine the governing institutions of NATO countries. Trying to blame their invasion on NATO, and to blame Ukraine for not ending the conflict, is part of that effort.