The only explanation that I can come up with is that these people hate Jesus there’s really no other logical explanation if you didn’t believe in Jesus you wouldn’t be constantly insulting him all the time you just wouldn’t care about Jesus/Christianity and move on.
Taking the name in vain is not insulting Jesus. It could be but it’s not that in most cases. Saying Jesus when you find out a friend punched his wife is not insulting Jesus. The word carries intensity as do curse words. We use them expressively. Many Christians only want those names used in a serious and holy way/context/intention. They would criticize it as lacking reverence, making the sacred banal. And, yes, some might frame it as insulting, but unless you are insulting Jesus ‘Jesus was a dork’, for example, then it’s not insulting Jesus or God or whomever.
Your hypothesis that they hate Jesus (and it seems you mean they actually deep down believe in Jesus) is not correct. One, children use words they’ve heard used in specific ways. If you grew up and people said Fuck when they were pissed off, then there’s a good chance you will use it. That doesn’t mean that there is something sexual about your anger when you use it. When I grew up ‘Jesus’ popped out of people when they were surprised by something negative. When those feelings were strong. That’s it. Perhaps the person does hate Christianity, perhaps not. Perhaps they love Jesus but use it anyway. It’s not just non-Christians who use ‘Jesus’ or ‘Jesus Christ’ expressively. In fact the habit most likely was started by Christians, and as society became more secular, that tradition continued.
And I just did some research and in fact those specific uses did start in strongly Christian communities. And you can still hear the urge, when religious and/or traditional people go for that charge, but change the words to Gosh or Jeez. There are still pulling on the power of those words, but following the taboo of using the real names in vain. Someone saying Oh, my God, could be of any religion or atheist or not even care to take a position. Yes, in the Christian schema they are using the Lord’s name in vain, but they are not insulting God. Like much of their vocabulary, they picked that phrase up in certain contexts, and just like ‘cartwheel’ or ‘shit’ or ‘Woh’ och ‘wow’ they added it to the mass of fluency they were building.
And really, only Christians can use the name in vain, since they have other ways of using it. It is there belief about how one should behave as a good Christian. I mean, if I listen to rock music, is that Haram? Nah. Am I fasiq? Nah. Am I as a non-Jew who doesn’t keep a kosher kitchen an Ower Averah? Nah.
What, are they jealous that non-Christians ‘get to’ break the rules? I mean, if non-Christians are going to hell, why get into a tizzy over a parking infraction?
It is a Spiritual thing. Spirits effect motivations. A lot of people are on auto-pilot. They are subject to a lot of evil spirits. Something like taking The Lord’s name in vain has to do with The Power of the Tongue. They can’t help themselves.
The Power of the Tongue is a concept that runs through the Bible. The Bible is “The Word” of God. God is honorable. God does not lie. Someone growing in faith may have worked to correct their speech.
The Power of the Tongue is a concept someone can research online. There is a lot of interesting implications there.
In the same logic, why do Christians take Zeus’ or Oden’s name in vain?
If you do not believe that someone is God or a “holy person”, you do not feel the need to treat him/her with special respect. Criticism on a person’s actions does not indicate hate. Jesus, as described in the New Testament, can be criticized by non-believers with the same way any other historical figure is criticized.
On another note, there is also the culturally driven use or Jesus (@greenfuse gave some examples). When you live in a Christian society where Jesus and Holy Mary are in everyday dialogues, even if you do not believe in their divinity, you are still prone to use their names.